By making use of non-enriched uranium, such reactor designs give a nation access to nuclear power for the purpose of electricity production without necessitating the development of fuel enrichment capabilities, which are often seen as a prelude to weapons production. , is usable as nuclear fuel in reactors designed specifically to make use of naturally occurring uranium, such as CANDU reactors. This design is still in the early stages of development. The Clean And Environmentally Safe Advanced Reactor (CAESAR), a nuclear reactor concept that would use steam as a moderator to control delayed neutrons, will potentially be able to use 238U as fuel once the reactor is started with Low-enriched uranium (LEU) fuel. The breeder reactor as its name implies creates even larger quantities of 239Pu or 233U than the fission nuclear reactor. Both China and India have announced plans to build nuclear breeder reactors. Also, Japan's Monju breeder reactor, which has been inoperative for most of the time since it was originally built in 1986, was ordered for decommissioning in 2016, after safety and design hazards were uncovered, with a completion date set for 2047. Russia later built another unit, BN-800, at the Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Station which became fully operational in November 2016. īy December 2005, the only breeder reactor producing power was the 600-megawatt BN-600 reactor at the Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Station in Russia. Breeder technology has been used in several experimental nuclear reactors. It has been estimated that there is anywhere from 10,000 to five billion years worth of 238U for use in these power plants. Breeder reactors carry out such a process of transmutation to convert the fertile isotope 238U into fissile 239Pu. Depending on design, this process can contribute some one to ten percent of all fission reactions in a reactor, but too few of the average 2.5 neutrons produced in each fission have enough speed to continue a chain reaction.Ģ38U can be used as a source material for creating plutonium-239, which can in turn be used as nuclear fuel. In this process, a neutron that has a kinetic energy in excess of 1 MeV can cause the nucleus of 238U to split. Ģ38U can produce energy via "fast" fission. The latter usually involves used "recycled" MOX fuel which entered the reactor containing significant amounts of plutonium. Pu that it cannot be used in current reactors operating with a thermal neutron spectrum. Pu, which determines the "grade" of produced plutonium, ranging from weapons grade, through reactor grade, to plutonium so high in 240 Depending on burnup and neutron temperature, different shares of the 239 U is unavoidable wherever it is exposed to neutron radiation. In a typical nuclear reactor, up to one-third of the generated power comes from the fission of 239Pu, which is not supplied as a fuel to the reactor, but rather, produced from 238U. In a fission nuclear reactor, uranium-238 can be used to generate plutonium-239, which itself can be used in a nuclear weapon or as a nuclear-reactor fuel supply. Reprocessed uranium is also mainly 238U, with about as much uranium-235 as natural uranium, a comparable proportion of uranium-236, and much smaller amounts of other isotopes of uranium such as uranium-234, uranium-233, and uranium-232. The decay of 238U to daughter isotopes is extensively used in radiometric dating, particularly for material older than ~ 1 million years.ĭepleted uranium has an even higher concentration of the 238U isotope, and even low-enriched uranium (LEU), while having a higher proportion of the uranium-235 isotope (in comparison to depleted uranium), is still mostly 238U. The 238U decay chain contributes 6 electron anti-neutrinos per 238U nucleus (1 per beta decay), resulting in a large detectable geoneutrino signal when decays occur within the Earth. ĭue to its natural abundance and half-life relative to other radioactive elements, 238U produces ~40% of the radioactive heat produced within the Earth. Doppler broadening of 238U's neutron absorption resonances, increasing absorption as fuel temperature increases, is also an essential negative feedback mechanism for reactor control.Īround 99.284% of natural uranium's mass is uranium-238, which has a half-life of 1.41 ×10 17 seconds (4.468 ×10 9 years, or 4.468 billion years). 238U cannot support a chain reaction because inelastic scattering reduces neutron energy below the range where fast fission of one or more next-generation nuclei is probable. However, it is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239. Unlike uranium-235, it is non-fissile, which means it cannot sustain a chain reaction in a thermal-neutron reactor. Uranium-238 ( 238U or U-238) is the most common isotope of uranium found in nature, with a relative abundance of 99%.
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